publications

2026

1. 

   Modal Analysis and Bessel Series Expansion of a Kkwaenggwari

   D. Kim, and S. D. Bellows

   In Proceedings of the 2026 Spring Conference of the Korean Acoustical Society and the 41st Conference on Underwater Acoustics, May 2026

   Bib HTML PDF

   @inproceedings{kkwaengwari2026,
     title = {Modal Analysis and Bessel Series Expansion of a Kkwaenggwari},
     author = {Kim, D. and Bellows, S. D.},
     booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2026 Spring Conference of the Korean Acoustical Society and the 41st Conference on Underwater Acoustics},
     address = {Seogwipo, South Korea},
     year = {2026},
     pages = {54-55},
     month = may,
   }

2025

1. 

   Vocal onset detection and pitch segmentation in medieval choral music guided by orignal notational sources

   S. D. Bellows, S. S. Mullins, and B. F. G. Katz

   In Proceedings of the 2025 Asia Pacific and Information Processing Association Annual Summit and Conference (APSIPA ASC), Oct 2025

   Bib HTML PDF

   @inproceedings{onset2025,
     author = {Bellows, S. D. and Mullins, S. S. and Katz, B. F. G.},
     title = {Vocal onset detection and pitch segmentation in medieval choral music guided by orignal notational sources},
     booktitle = { Proceedings of the 2025 Asia Pacific and Information Processing Association Annual Summit and Conference (APSIPA ASC)},
     year = {2025},
     address = {Singapore},
     doi = {10.1109/APSIPAASC65261.2025.11249026},
     month = oct,
     pages = {252-257},
   }

2. 

   Analytic expressions for the low-frequency acoustic center of dipole radiators

   S. D. Bellows

   In Proceedings of the 11th Convention of the European Acoustics Association Forum Acusticum/EuroNoise 2025, Jun 2025

   Bib HTML PDF

   @inproceedings{dipole2025,
     author = {Bellows, S. D.},
     title = {Analytic expressions for the low-frequency acoustic center of dipole radiators},
     booktitle = {Proceedings of the 11th Convention of the European Acoustics Association Forum Acusticum/EuroNoise 2025},
     year = {2025},
     address = {Malaga, Spain},
     doi = {10.61782/fa.2025.0134},
     month = jun,
     pages = {4481–4488}
   }

3. 

   Impact of leg diffraction and scattering on voice directivity patterns

   S. D. Bellows, Brian F. G. Katz, and T. W. Leishman

   In Proceedings of the 11th Convention of the European Acoustics Association Forum Acusticum/EuroNoise 2025, Jun 2025

   Bib HTML PDF

   @inproceedings{legscatter2025,
     author = {Bellows, S. D. and Katz, Brian F. G. and Leishman, T. W.},
     title = {Impact of leg diffraction and scattering on voice directivity patterns},
     booktitle = {Proceedings of the 11th Convention of the European Acoustics Association Forum Acusticum/EuroNoise 2025},
     year = {2025},
     month = jun,
     address = {Malaga, Spain},
     doi = {10.61782/fa.2025.0448},
     pages = {4473–4480}
   }

4. 

   Constrained least-squares and maximum-likelihood calibration of absorption coefficients in reverberation time equations

   S. D. Bellows, and Brian F. G. Katz

   Acta Acustica, Apr 2025

   Bib HTML PDF

   @article{calibration2025,
     author = {Bellows, S. D. and Katz, Brian F. G.},
     title = {Constrained least-squares and maximum-likelihood calibration of
      absorption coefficients in reverberation time equations},
     year = {2025},
     doi = {10.1051/aacus/2025011},
     journal = {Acta Acustica},
     volume = {9},
     number = {25},
     month = apr,
     pages = {1-17}
   }

5. 

   Deriving played trumpet directivity patterns from a multiple-capture transfer-function technique

   Samuel D. Bellows, Joseph E. Avila, and Timothy W. Leishman

   Acta Acustica, Feb 2025

   Bib HTML PDF

   @article{trumpet2025,
     author = {Bellows, Samuel D. and Avila, Joseph E. and Leishman, Timothy W.},
     title = { Deriving played trumpet directivity patterns from a multiple-capture
      transfer-function technique},
     journal = {Acta Acustica},
     year = {2025},
     volume = {9},
     number = {13},
     doi = {10.1051/aacus/2024089},
     pages = {1-17},
     month = feb
   }

2024

1. 

   An investigation of the f-hole shape’s influence on the modal response of the violin

   Samuel D. Bellows, and Daisuke Nakayama

   Acta Acustica, Dec 2024

   Bib HTML PDF

   @article{violinfhole,
     title = {An investigation of the f-hole shape’s influence on the modal response of the violin},
     volume = {8},
     issn = {2681-4617},
     doi = {10.1051/aacus/2024074},
     journal = {Acta Acustica},
     author = {Bellows, Samuel D. and Nakayama, Daisuke},
     year = {2024},
     month = dec,
     pages = {1-12}
   }

2. 

   Calibrating geometric room acoustic models using a gradient descent algorithm

   Samuel D. Bellows, and Brian F. G. Katz

   In Proceedings of the Audio Engineering Society Convention 156, Jun 2024

   Bib HTML

   @inproceedings{geo_calibration,
     author = {Bellows, Samuel D. and Katz, Brian F. G.},
     title = {{Calibrating geometric room acoustic models using a gradient descent algorithm}},
     booktitle = {Proceedings of the Audio Engineering Society Convention 156},
     address = {Madrid, Spain},
     paper = {221},
     pages = {1-8},
     year = {2024},
     month = jun,
   }

3. 

   Comparing the end correction of a spherically baffled piston to infinitely baffled and unbaffled circular radiators (L)

   Samuel D. Bellows

   J. Acoust. Soc. Am., May 2024

   Bib HTML PDF

   @article{spherical_piston,
     author = {Bellows, Samuel D.},
     title = {{Comparing the end correction of a spherically baffled piston to infinitely baffled and unbaffled circular radiators (L)}},
     journal = {J. Acoust. Soc. Am.},
     volume = {155},
     number = {5},
     pages = {3302-3305},
     year = {2024},
     month = may,
     doi = {10.1121/10.0026023},
   }

4. 

   Combining multiple sparse measurements with reference data regularization to create spherical directivities applied to voice data

   Samuel D. Bellows, and Brian F. G. Katz

   Acta Acustica, Mar 2024

   Bib HTML PDF

   @article{ircam_speech,
     author = {Bellows, Samuel D. and Katz, Brian F. G.},
     title = {Combining multiple sparse measurements with reference data regularization to create spherical directivities applied to voice data},
     year = {2024},
     journal = {Acta Acustica},
     volume = {8},
     number = {14},
     pages = {1-12},
     month = mar,
     doi = {10.1051/aacus/2024006},
   }

5. 

   Application of Chebyshev Quadrature Rules to Equiangular Spherical and Hemispherical Directivity Measurements

   Samuel D. Bellows, and Timothy W. Leishman

   J. Audio Eng. Soc, Jan 2024

   Bib HTML

   @article{chebyshev_sampling,
     title = {Application of Chebyshev Quadrature Rules to Equiangular Spherical and Hemispherical Directivity Measurements},
     author = {Bellows, Samuel D. and Leishman, Timothy W.},
     journal = {J. Audio Eng. Soc},
     volume = {72},
     number = {1/2},
     pages = {44--58},
     year = {2024},
     month = jan,
     doi = {https://doi.org/10.17743/jaes.2022.0119},
   }

2023

1. 

   Low-frequency radiation from a vibrating cap on a rigid spherical shell with a circular aperture

   Samuel D. Bellows, and Timothy W. Leishman

   J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Dec 2023

   Bib HTML PDF

   @article{capaperture,
     author = {Bellows, Samuel D. and Leishman, Timothy W.},
     title = {{Low-frequency radiation from a vibrating cap on a rigid spherical shell with a circular aperture}},
     journal = {J. Acoust. Soc. Am.},
     volume = {154},
     number = {6},
     pages = {3883-3898},
     year = {2023},
     month = dec,
     issn = {0001-4966},
     doi = {10.1121/10.0023936},
     url = {https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0023936},
   }

2. 

   Directional characteristics of two gamelan gongs

   Samuel D. Bellows, Dallin T. Harwood, Kent L. Gee, and 1 more author

   J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Sep 2023

   Bib HTML PDF

   @article{gamelan2023,
     author = {Bellows, Samuel D. and Harwood, Dallin T. and Gee, Kent L. and Shepherd, Micah R.},
     title = {{Directional characteristics of two gamelan gongs}},
     journal = {J. Acoust. Soc. Am.},
     volume = {154},
     number = {3},
     pages = {1921-1931},
     year = {2023},
     month = sep,
     issn = {0001-4966},
     doi = {10.1121/10.0021055},
   }

3. 

   Modeling and measurements of the f-hole shape’s influence on the bending modes of a fractional-size violin

   S. D. Bellows, and D. Nakayama

   In Proceedings of Forum Acusticum, Sep 2023

   Bib HTML PDF

   @inproceedings{violin_forum2023,
     author = {Bellows, S. D. and Nakayama, D.},
     title = {Modeling and measurements of the f-hole shape's influence on the bending modes of a fractional-size violin},
     booktitle = {Proceedings of Forum Acusticum},
     address = {Turin, Italy},
     year = {2023},
     pages = {1193-1200},
     month = sep,
     doi = {https://doi.org/10.61782/fa.2023.0768},
   }

4. 

   A spherical-harmonic-based framework for spatial sampling considerations of musical instrument and voice directivity measurements

   S. D. Bellows, and T. W. Leishman

   In Proceedings of Forum Acusticum, Sep 2023

   Bib HTML PDF

   @inproceedings{sampling_forum2023,
     author = {Bellows, S. D. and Leishman, T. W.},
     title = {A spherical-harmonic-based framework for spatial sampling considerations of musical instrument and voice directivity measurements},
     booktitle = {Proceedings of Forum Acusticum},
     address = {Turin, Italy},
     pages = {4747-4754},
     year = {2023},
     month = sep,
     doi = {https://doi.org/10.61782/fa.2023.0427},
   }

5. 

   On the low-frequency acoustic center

   Samuel D. Bellows, and Timothy W. Leishman

   J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Jun 2023

   Bib HTML PDF

   @article{lowfreqcenter,
     author = {Bellows, Samuel D. and Leishman, Timothy W.},
     title = {{On the low-frequency acoustic center}},
     journal = {J. Acoust. Soc. Am.},
     volume = {153},
     number = {6},
     pages = {3404-3418},
     year = {2023},
     month = jun,
     issn = {0001-4966},
     doi = {10.1121/10.0019750},
   }

6. 

   Modeling the sound radiation of gamelan gongs using analytic rigid spherical models

   Samuel David Bellows, Micah R. Shepherd, Kent L. Gee, and 1 more author

   Proc. Meet. Acoust., Oct 2023

   Bib HTML PDF

   @article{2023_gamelan_rigid_model,
     author = {Bellows, Samuel David and Shepherd, Micah R. and Gee, Kent L. and Leishman, Timothy W.},
     title = {{Modeling the sound radiation of gamelan gongs using analytic rigid spherical models}},
     journal = {Proc. Meet. Acoust.},
     volume = {51},
     number = {1},
     pages = {035003},
     year = {2023},
     month = oct,
     issn = {1939-800X},
     doi = {10.1121/2.0001754},
   }

7. 

   Optimal Microphone Placement for Single-Channel Sound-Power Spectrum Estimation and Reverberation Effects

   Samuel D. Bellows, and Timothy W. Leishman

   J. Audio Eng. Soc, Jan 2023

   Bib HTML

   @article{bellows2023optimal,
     title = {Optimal Microphone Placement for Single-Channel Sound-Power Spectrum Estimation and Reverberation Effects},
     author = {Bellows, Samuel D. and Leishman, Timothy W.},
     journal = {J. Audio Eng. Soc},
     volume = {71},
     number = {1/2},
     pages = {20--33},
     year = {2023},
     month = jan,
     url = {http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=22028},
     doi = {10.17743/jaes.2022.0052},
   }

2022

1. 

   Low-frequency directional characteristics of a gamelan gong

   Samuel David Bellows, Dallin T. Harwood, Kent L. Gee, and 1 more author

   Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics, Jan 2022

   Bib HTML PDF

   @article{gamelan2022,
     author = {Bellows, Samuel David and Harwood, Dallin T. and Gee, Kent L. and Leishman, Timothy W.},
     title = {Low-frequency directional characteristics of a gamelan gong},
     journal = {Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics},
     volume = {50},
     number = {1},
     pages = {035003},
     year = {2022},
     doi = {10.1121/2.0001722},
   }

2. 

   Directivity analysis of the muted trumpet

   Joseph E. Avila, Samuel D. Bellows, Timothy W. Leishman, and 1 more author

   Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics, Dec 2022

   Bib HTML PDF

   @article{avila2022,
     author = {Avila, Joseph E. and Bellows, Samuel D. and Leishman, Timothy W. and Gee, Kent L.},
     title = {{Directivity analysis of the muted trumpet}},
     journal = {Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics},
     volume = {50},
     number = {1},
     year = {2022},
     month = dec,
     issn = {1939-800X},
     doi = {10.1121/2.0001738},
     pages = {035005},
   }

3. 

   Compariative analysis of the directivity of the sogeum and danso

   S. D. Bellows, and T. W. Leishman

   In Procceedings of the 2022 Korean Acoustical Society Fall Meeting, Nov 2022

   Bib HTML PDF

   @inproceedings{sogeum2022,
     title = {Compariative analysis of the directivity of the sogeum and danso},
     author = {Bellows, S. D. and Leishman, T. W.},
     booktitle = {Procceedings of the 2022 Korean Acoustical Society Fall Meeting},
     year = {2022},
     pages = {67-69},
     month = nov,
   }

4. 

   Modeling and measurements of organ pipe sound radiation

   S. D. Bellows, and T. W. Leishman

   In Proceedings of the 24th International Congress on Acoustics, Oct 2022

   Bib HTML PDF

   @inproceedings{organpipe2022,
     author = {Bellows, S. D. and Leishman, T. W.},
     year = {2022},
     month = oct,
     title = {Modeling and measurements of organ pipe sound radiation},
     booktitle = {Proceedings of the 24th International Congress on Acoustics},
     address = {Gyeongju, South Korea},
   }

5. 

   A spherical beamforming algorithm for acoustic centering and phase correction of source directivities

   S. D. Bellows, and T. W. Leishman

   In Proceedings of the 24th International Congress on Acoustics, Oct 2022

   Bib HTML PDF

   @inproceedings{phase_centering,
     author = {Bellows, S. D. and Leishman, T. W.},
     title = {A spherical beamforming algorithm for acoustic centering and phase correction of source directivities},
     booktitle = {Proceedings of the 24th International Congress on Acoustics},
     year = {2022},
     month = oct,
     address = {Gyeongju, South Korea},
   }

6. 

   Modeling musician diffraction and absorption for artificially excited clarinet directivity measurements

   Samuel D. Bellows, and Timothy W. Leishman

   In Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics, Oct 2022

   Bib HTML PDF

   @inproceedings{bellows2022,
     author = {Bellows, Samuel D. and Leishman, Timothy W.},
     title = {{Modeling musician diffraction and absorption for artificially excited clarinet directivity measurements}},
     booktitle = {Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics},
     volume = {46},
     number = {1},
     pages = {035002},
     year = {2022},
     doi = {10.1121/2.0001586},
     url = {https://doi.org/10.1121/2.0001586},
   }

7. 

   Effect of Head Orientation on Speech Directivity

   Samuel Bellows, and Timothy W. Leishman

   In Proc. Interspeech 2022, Sep 2022

   Bib HTML PDF

   @inproceedings{bellows22_interspeech,
     author = {Bellows, Samuel and Leishman, Timothy W.},
     title = {{Effect of Head Orientation on Speech Directivity}},
     year = {2022},
     booktitle = {Proc. Interspeech 2022},
     month = sep,
     pages = {246--250},
     doi = {10.21437/Interspeech.2022-553},
   }

2021

1. 

   High-resolution spherical directivity of live speech from a multiple-capture transfer function method

   Timothy W. Leishman, Samuel D. Bellows, Claire M. Pincock, and 1 more author

   The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Sep 2021

   Bib HTML PDF

   @article{leishman2021,
     title = {High-resolution spherical directivity of live speech from a multiple-capture transfer function method},
     author = {Leishman, Timothy W. and Bellows, Samuel D. and Pincock, Claire M. and Whiting, Jennifer K.},
     journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America},
     volume = {149},
     number = {3},
     pages = {1507-1523},
     year = {2021},
     doi = {10.1121/10.0003363},
     url = {https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0003363},
   }

2020

1. 

   Single-channel sound power estimation for reverberation effects

   Samuel Bellows, and Timothy Leishman

   In Audio Engineering Society Convention 149, Oct 2020

   Bib HTML

   @inproceedings{bellows2020single,
     title = {Single-channel sound power estimation for reverberation effects},
     author = {Bellows, Samuel and Leishman, Timothy},
     booktitle = {Audio Engineering Society Convention 149},
     month = oct,
     year = {2020},
   }

2. 

   Acoustic source centering of musical instrument directivities using acoustical holography

   Samuel D. Bellows, and Timothy W. Leishman

   In Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics, Oct 2020

   Bib HTML PDF

   @inproceedings{poma_centering,
     author = {Bellows, Samuel D. and Leishman, Timothy W.},
     title = {Acoustic source centering of musical instrument directivities using acoustical holography},
     booktitle = {Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics},
     volume = {42},
     number = {1},
     pages = {055002},
     year = {2020},
     doi = {10.1121/2.0001371},
   }

3. 

   Obtaining far-field spherical directivities of guitar amplifiers from arbitrarily shaped arrays using the Helmholtz equation least-squares method

   Samuel David Bellows, and Timothy W. Leishman

   Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics, Oct 2020

   Bib HTML PDF

   @article{arbitrary_array,
     author = {Bellows, Samuel David and Leishman, Timothy W.},
     title = {Obtaining far-field spherical directivities of guitar amplifiers from arbitrarily shaped arrays using the Helmholtz equation least-squares method},
     journal = {Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics},
     volume = {42},
     number = {1},
     pages = {055005},
     year = {2020},
     doi = {10.1121/2.0001410},
   }

2019

1. 

   High-Resolution Analysis of the Directivity Factor and Directivity Index Functions of Human Speech

   Samuel D. Bellows, and Timothy W. Leishman

   In Audio Engineering Society Convention 146, Oct 2019

   Bib HTML

   @inproceedings{di_speech,
     author = {Bellows, Samuel D. and Leishman, Timothy W.},
     title = {High-Resolution Analysis of the Directivity Factor and Directivity Index Functions of Human Speech},
     booktitle = {Audio Engineering Society Convention 146},
     year = {2019},
   }

2018

1. 

   Spherical harmonic expansions of high-resolution musical instrument directivities

   Samuel D. Bellows, and Timothy W. Leishman

   Proc. Mtgs. Acoust. 35, 035005, Oct 2018

   Bib HTML PDF

   @article{pomashe,
     title = {Spherical harmonic expansions of high-resolution musical instrument directivities},
     author = {Bellows, Samuel D. and Leishman, Timothy W.},
     journal = {Proc. Mtgs. Acoust. 35, 035005},
     year = {2018},
     doi = {10.1121/2.0001274},
   }